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Digital Images

This guide has been designed as a starting point for locating and using online images.

Copyright

The use of images for teaching and scholarly research generally falls under the category of "fair use." The terms of fair use states that, in an educational context, the payment of fees or permission is not required from copyright owners.

For more information, the Visual Resources Association (VRA) has published a Statement on Fair Use of Images for Teaching, Research, and Study. This statement is a guideline and should not be considered a legal document.

There are different rules for publishing images. If you are using images for publication, you must determine if they are in the public domain, or are protected by copyright.

The Visual Resources Association have also developed a Digital Image Rights Computator (DIRC) to help users assess the intellectural property status of a particular image so they can make informed decisions about the intended educational use of an image.

Creative Commons

Creative Commons is a non-profit that offers an alternative to full copyright

Creative Commons is a non-profit that offers an alternative to full copyright.

Attribution means:
You let others copy, distribute, display, and perform your copyrighted work - and derivative works based upon it - but only if they give you credit.

Noncommercial logo.Noncommercial means:
You let others copy, distribute, display, and perform your work - and derivative works based upon it - but for noncommercial purposes only.

No Derivative Work logo.No Derivative Works means:
You let others copy, distribute, display, and perform only verbatim copies of your work, not derivative works based upon it.

Share Alike logo.Share Alike means:
You allow others to distribute derivative works only under a license identical to the license that governs your work.

Public Domain Dedication logo.Public Domain Dedication (CC0) means:
You, the copyright holder, waive your interest in your work and place the work as completely as possible in the public domain so others may freely exploit and use the work without restriction under copyright or database law.

Public Domain Work logo.Public Domain Work means:
Works, or aspects of copyrighted works, which copyright law does not protect. Typically, works become part of the public domain because their term of protection under copyright law expired, the owner failed to follow certain required formalities, or the works are not eligible for copyright protection.

Image from an Electronic Source

Images, diagrams and artistic works should be cited as any other type of workGive as much information as possible about the image used, including these basics:

  • creator's name (author, artist, photographer etc.)

  • date the work was published or created

  • title of the work

  • place of publication

  • publisher

  • type of material (for photographs, charts, online images)

  • website address and access date

  • name of the institution or museum where the work is located (for artworks and museum exhibits)

  • dimensions of the work (for artworks)

Citing Tools

Computer generated citation tools might not be always correct. Be familiar with your citation manual and look for errors.